Project Management Determining The Success Or Failure...

Abstract Scientific complex projects have option of success or fail due to a number of circumstances. The main controversial issue in the project management is determining the success or failure factors. Although projects have built in to be successful there are some risks can’t be avoided and that may lead at the end to failure in the near or far future (Montequin, 2014). Introduction Project management provides reasonable scientific solutions in order to overcome difficulties and achieve success. Each project has a variety of objectives have to achieve, these objectives are vary and can be for organization objectives or for social objectives. However, the project objectives could face some obstacles could be lead to limited success. The attempt to discover the factors of project success and project failure was not easy task for both scholars and expertise. These definitions can provide a close understanding and explanation for these terms. Many project management literatures have variety definitions of project success. (Adinyira, 2012) pointed out that Pinto and Slevin (1988) defined the success as delivering projects on proper time, cost and quality. Others like westerveld, elizabith have different ideas regarding the success that are related to the judge of stakeholders and organizational management. However, nowadays success become more complex issue to deter mine, it is not only meeting the costs and time it is belonging to the typology and sector of the projectShow MoreRelatedFailure And Success Of Project962 Words   |  4 Pagesliteratures on how to make a project success but they  are unclear because there is no specific cause or reason to become project unsuccessful. This position paper explores the reasons of failures and success  in the projects. Now a day’s major projects are increasingly becoming critical to manage because of the nature of projects of multiple stakeholders, conflicts of thoughts and delays. From the studies  of different authors 13 crucial things are documented for the success of project and 5 crucial thingsRead MoreProject Management Techniques For Success And Failure1589 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management Techniques for Success and Failure Individual Assignment BPM501, Semester 1 2016 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. Introduction 2 2. Project Classification 2 2.1 project success factor 2.2 cause of project failure 2.3 project success factor of IT 2.4 project failure factor of IT 3. Scope of the literature 4 3.1 Key words 3.2 Databases 3.3 Journals 4. Background (Headings and subheadings) 5 5. Discussion 6. Recommendations 7. Conclusion 8. YourRead MoreThe CHAOS Manifesto1349 Words   |  6 Pagesglobal project statistics specifically concentrated on the United States and Europe. The report is based on four Standish Services: the CHAOS knowledge center, DARTS (Demand Assessment Requirements Tracking Survey), Executive Sponsor Workshops and Executive Interviews. Although the manifesto concentrates on statistics primarily whereas, the 2012 report talks about the various success factors of an executive sponsor as leadership plays a crucial role in deciding the success or failure of a project. TheRead MoreIntroduction. Project Management Involves Starting, Planning,1317 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Project management involves starting, planning, acting, control and the closure of a team’s work so as to achieve specific set objectives. A project is defined as a temporary endeavour which is formulated to give birth to a unique product, service or a result which had fore-shadowed beginning and end. It is usually taken to meet specific goals and objectives which bring out added advantage (Dunne and Dunne, 2011). Financial factors During project the running of a project there are manyRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Human Behavior1323 Words   |  6 PagesSuccessful projects are those that are completed within the agreed upon scope and budget, and on time. Cost and schedule overages cause majority of projects unsuccessful. Therefore, it is imperative that organizations employ better ideas and novel methodologies and frameworks in managing projects (Murthy, 2014). A major factor of a project’s success is the behavior of the employees. Employee behavior is influenced by organizational culture and leadership. This paper will briefly explore the influenceRead MoreProject Estimating Paper689 Words   |  3 PagesProject Estimating Project Estimating and Control Techniques CPMGT/303 July 12, 2014 Project Estimating Cost management planning happens early on in the project planning phase and should be refined throughout the project’s life cycle as additional details become available. The project’s cost management plan sets the framework for all of the project’s cost management processes. The accuracy of estimating a project’s cost is essential to the successful or failure of the project. This makesRead MoreCase Study 1: Prioritizing Projects at D.D. Williamson809 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study 1: Prioritizing Projects at D.D. Williamson Crystal D. Dr. Donny Bagwell Managing Human Resources Projects: HRM 517 October 27, 2013 Introduction D.D. Williamson implemented a new process for project prioritization that included focusing on the vision and impact of projects and narrowing down projects by selecting the ones of high importance and assigning them to senior management teams. I will attempt to critique that process, recommend an improvement for the process, provideRead MoreBusiness Process Reengineering Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness process reengineering as a business process solution for efficiently improving information systems within the context of ERP implementations. The authors suggest that â€Å"BPR is one of the best methods for determining the need to move to an ERP system and set the high level goals and project implementation scope† (Motiwalla Thompson, 2011). In order to fully analyze business process reengineering we must analyze the concept and methodologies associated with this process. Business process re-engineeringRead MoreProject Management Plan For Efficient Human Resourc e Management Planning1117 Words   |  5 Pagesabout a project failure due to inefficient human resource management planning. This paper begins with a brief background of the case followed by identifying the issues needing attention. There will be a discussion on who was responsible for the failure and whether or not the appropriate direction was justified. There will be a brief summary of what I felt would be a better plan followed by any lessons learned I gained from this case study. Background Desi Solutions, a project management consultingRead MoreLiterature Review : The Ntu Library916 Words   |  4 Pagesin determining organisational performance’ (pg. 9) and ‘is a social skill involving the effective interaction between people’ (pg. 5). It is a skill that everyone uses, although not many take into consideration how complex the process actually is. Poor communication has been an issue within the construction industry and is partly due to how it is organised Fryer et al. (2004). In comparison, poor communication from the skill which everyone requires and uses seems to be the blame of a project failure

Kids Are A Victim Of Bullying - 1004 Words

1 in 7 Students in Grades K-12 is either a bully or a victim of bullying. Some parents are worried about changes, needs, and risk factors for their kids ages ten to fourteen. Kids are going to go through emotional and physical changes, like puberty. Some young teens are even at risk for depression and behavioral issues, including breaking the law. Other young teens may have certain needs. Well, all young teens have needs that need to be met! Young teens are going through such dramatic changes; it’s normal for them to swing from being happy to being sad or from feeling smart to feeling dumb. They may worry about personal traits that are vital to them, but hardly noticeable to others. With a growing ability to see the consequences of different actions, tweens and young teens are increasingly considering who they are and who they may become. They are more able to think like adults, but they don’t have the experience and judgment needed to act like adults. It’s important to help them recognize that. Your reassurance and acceptance are especially important at this time, as is your tween or teen’s growth in school and community activities. Strong support will help them develop the confidence they need to make healthy choices. These may be some physical and emotional changes you should look out for. This is the age when kids need to start using deodorant and learning more personal hygiene. Some go overboard and spend hours in the bathroom. Others resist, refusing to bathe. PubertyShow MoreRelatedBullying Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesbullying has created lots of problems in school and outside of schools in society today. Picking on someone could very well change someone behavior. Bullying can ruin people lives if they are teased often. Younger and older kids in school are fatally injured, which needs to be taken care of before it starts and get out of hand. Bullying in first grade or going into middle school. Television violence, families in poverty, mis-teachings, music, and pictures have influence younger and older people,Read MoreThe Big Bad Bully On The Playground915 Words   |  4 Pagestakes lunch money and threatens kids after school is no longer the bully kids are most worried about. The common i dea of bully has been redefined. It could be the scrawny boy with glasses, or the shy girl in English class. The advent of the internet allows anyone to play the role of the bully. Bullying is a whole new experience for kids in school today. Advancements made in technology have advanced the method bullies use to harass, threaten, and humiliate their victims. The use of the internet to attackRead MoreDifferent types of Bullying Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pagesignore it; not only that, some victims like to stay quiet due to fear. Based on case studies and statistics, there’s evidence to suggest that bullying can cause negative effects socially, emotionally, and physiologically on children. Types of Bullying There are many types of bullying one of them is cyber bullying. Cyber bullying had become very popular now and days. This type of bullying takes place on the internet, via text, or any multimedia device. ‘’Cyber bullying often possesses the absenceRead MoreBullying And Its Effects On Society875 Words   |  4 PagesIn Todays, society bullying is shown more often in schools, especially high schools. The type of bullying noted and documented are Physical bullying, Verbal Bullying, Cyberbullying, and Covent or Hidden bullying. Kids use cyberbullying against each other to discriminate their friends or just to make fun of them online. In school campus, kids use Physical bullying to manhandle their peers because they want to feel better and show that they have more power, or just because they are having domesticRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Bullying1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthe significance of school bullying. For victims of bullying, they go to school every day facing harassment, taunting, and humiliation. Kids today come home and kill themselves or never want to go back to school because of BULLYING. â€Å"Studies show that 25-35% of teens encountered some type of bullying in their lifetime (Nansel et al,).† Bullying is a form of violent behavior that happens not only in the schools but everywhere. Kids everywhere have been exposed to bullying in school for generationsRead MoreEssay Take a Stand Bullying1000 Words   |  4 PagesMonte McKay Take a Stand on Bullying Bullying is a form of verbal and physical abuse that needs to stop. It takes place every day all over the world. It represents the attacking of someone that is stronger mentally, emotionally and physically attacking someone that is weaker in all of these fields. Bullying has long term effects on its victims such as mental and emotional stress that can carry on into the future. Bullying has been around for a while now. â€Å"Bullying is so long established in ourRead MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying1010 Words   |  5 Pages Bullying has been a crime for many years, yet what exactly are we doing to stop it? The most dangerous type of bullying is physical bullying. Google defines physical bullying as â€Å"using one’s body and physical bodily acts to exert power over peers.† Examples of physical bullying is punching, kicking, slapping and shoving. Bullies are quickly to judge other kids because of their disabilities, â€Å"Oh he can’t read, he’s so dumb!† not knowing exactly what they’re going through. People who bully otherRead MoreBully 101: Kids Edition783 Words   |  3 PagesPsychological Association, â€Å"Bullying is a form of aggressive behavior in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Bullying can take the form of physical contact, words or more subtle actions† (Bullying, 2013). People bully each other for several reasons and there are different outcomes that are a result of those reasons. People c an be bullied physically, emotionally, or verbally. Bullying can take place at school or online. Bullying should be a consideredRead MoreEffects Of Bullying On Kids : Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? How Much Harm?1620 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Bullying on Kids Do actions speak louder than words? How much harm can a word produce? Loser. Fatty. Nerd. Nobody. Worthless. Bullying has always been an issue in childhood and high school, but it isn t until this decade that the spotlight has really focused on the damage it produces in a child s life. In the past, adults just thought bullying was an innocent way kids expressed their feelings but now we have seen the true darkness in this problem. In 2007, almost a third of kids in middleRead MoreEssay on A Speech on Bullying1047 Words   |  5 Pagestoday is Bullying. It is all around us, everyone bullies, no matter what you think or have done, you’ve most likely bullied someone. There are many issues in the news that involve bullying and bad things that happen, aswell as people being affected from people bullying them. Bullying is happening everywhere and the chances that you will encounter it are high. Around the world bullying is big particularly within schools and online in cyber space. With all schools talking about bullying and the

humanities Essay Example For Students

humanities Essay Dr. Carol A. MartinHu 208 Intro to HumanitiesFebruary 08, 1999In the memoir, Colored People, Henry Louis Gates Jr. talks about what was the untalked about racial rule inintegrated schools. Now that the races had been blendedtogether there was still the line of race andgender(Gates p.98) that could not be crossed. In the story by Langston Hughes, Cora Unashamed, Corais a daughter in the only black family in town. She ends uppregnant by a white boy who drifts in and out of her life. She is looked down upon by her parents, but is unaffected bythis. To Cora, her baby was a living bridge between twoworlds. (Hughes p.43) Gates and Cora share bothsimilarities and differences in their hope for a society,which sees no color. Gates struggled with the fact that hispeer and confidant throughout childhood, Linda, could neverbe more than a friend and classmate. He loved her as anequal, as he knew she loved him. Cora, on the other handaccepted the fact that Joe, the father of her child, couldnot be a part of her life and she did not try to fight it. Gates and Linda were both taught by society that theywere different. It is not evident to a child that race iseven an issue, it is something that is taught in hush hushconversations, and slight undertones. It is like a cancerthat grows unnoticed, and then one da y just takes over. This is what happened to Gates and Linda. The fact thatthey couldnt progress in their relationship didntcompletely occur to them until they were about eleven yearsold, when as Gates puts it The strictures of race hasentered our lives, catching us unawares (Gates p.108). Cora accepted the fact that there would be no future, evenfrom the beginning of her relationship with Joe. Of course,she hadnt expected to marry Joe, or keep him. He was ofthat other world, too (Hughes p.43) Gates and Cora bothknew that the wall of racism, especially between genders wastoo high to climb and too thick to break down. Gates speaksfor both Coras situation and his own when he says, thefact that it was an impossibility for us did not have to bespoken (Gates p.106). Both Gates and Cora lived in a time where seeing eye toeye, and especially beyond skin color was very rare. Gatestalked about how he was scolded in class because he referredto his mother as she and how it made me feel good, th iswhite woman talking about my mama like that, in front of theother kids (Gates p.93). Cora was used to being talkeddown about. Being the only black family in town, and herfather being a drunk, Cora was forced to stay in town tosupport her family and help with the other eight kids. Thepeople of Melton, her town, referred to her as a Negresswhen they wanted to be polite (Hughes p.40). Stereotypes and accusations were just two of theeveryday battles that Gates and Cora had to fight. Corapicked her fights, she figured fighting against the otherworld was a losing battle and lived her life the best shecould under the circumstances. Gates, with the help of hismother learned how to fight back. When his teacher accusedhim of stealing her scissors, he got back by receivingstraight As for the rest of the year. In academics, heachieved astonishing scores as well as awards. By settinghis sights so high and achieving so much, he was able to sayin his own way, Nothing you can say or do will disco urageme, it will only make me work harder and set my sightshigher. Unfortunately, Cora did not have the role models likeGates did in his parents and brother, Rocky. Cora did nothave great opportunity to fight back. She was one against acommunity of many, and if she did, she might lose her job,the only thing that promised her a decent meal and a stableway of life. Coras only way of fighting was to keep herhead held high, despite everything that was against her. She projected an air about her that despite the things thatpeople did and said and the names they called her. She wouldstand tall. Gates and Cora were two people in an unfortunate time,where not many choices were given, and going against the wayof society was considered suicide, especially for onesreputation. Both dealt with racism in their own way, bothin a way that slightly defied societys prescription. They were both children raised with an uphill struggle aheadof them. Were when some climbed as hard and as fast as theycoul d, even though the top was nowhere in sight, others gavein and toppled to the bottom, reasoning that the harder theyfought, the longer that climb would be. .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 , .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .postImageUrl , .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 , .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936:hover , .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936:visited , .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936:active { border:0!important; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936:active , .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936 .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf524f3e9c660d5c00b288e35a48a3936:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Sun Also Rises Persuasive Essay

The Writers Who Came in Late Modern British Murder Mysteries and the Timeless Classics of Fleming and Le Carre, Compared

Murder mysteries and spy flicks will never get old. It is truly fascinating how a genre that was supposed to be taken very lightly from the very beginning has grown such a huge cult following and became a thing in itself. Moreover, one has to admit that spy flicks seem to have a certain development arch. What seemed thrilling several decades ago has become completely dated now, which means that modern detective novels need both develop new means to stay fresh and at the same time keep that air of timelessness to retain its devoted fans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Writers Who Came in Late: Modern British Murder Mysteries and the Timeless Classics of Fleming and Le Carre, Compared specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although modern British detective stories differ greatly from such doubtless classics as Casino Royale and The Spy Who Came in Late, they still manage to suck the readers in with strangely surreal characters and details, creating a kind of a fairy tale for the adults and, therefore, providing its readers with a pretext for another moment of escapism. Starting appropriately with the analysis of the main characters, one will have to mention that Fleming was not the first author to introduce the conflicting dynamics between the antagonist and the lead character; the tradition of developing an anti-hero as the element that is supposed to balance out the protagonist goes back to the traditions of the Greek drama. Therefore, other ways to introduce the dynamics between the two characters must have developed over time. However, the staple of a good spy versus the bad spy had stuck in the British detective literature for quite long after Fleming developed the conflict between the impeccable Mr. Bond and le Chiffre, the villain: â€Å"Like the gentleman you are, you very kindly gave me a note explaining the circumstances so that I would have no difficulty in cashing your cheque† (Fleming 107). Also featured in Le Care’s novel, the tension between Leamas and Mundt has set the stage for a time-honored tradition of drawing a clear line between the positive and the negative character: â€Å"It was odd how soon Leamas had realized that Mundt was the writing on the wail† (Le Carre 9). Though the given feature of detective novels seemed rather interesting at first, its novelty obviously faded out as time passed; the audience clearly wanted the characters that were more dimensional. Despite an evident development of the â€Å"good guys† and the â€Å"bad guys† in modern spy flicks, sadly enough, there is still a tangible tendency in glorifying the protagonists and dragging their opponents through the mud. The villain is no longer the representative of the â€Å"Red Russia,† like in Fleming and Le Carre’s novels. Nevertheless, the modern British writers tend to make the antagonist as unlikable as possible, thus, creating a foil for the leading character development. Which is even more upsetting, the antagonist often has no character arch, even a clichà ©d one; the plot is, therefore, reduced to the traditional good versus evil battle.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Needless to mention, Bond has spawned a series of nonchalant detectives with a lust for gambling, incredible fighting skills and amazingly attractive looks. Unlike Le Carre, who allowed his character to be less noticeable, Fleming made James Bond â€Å"tough†(Fleming 20) and â€Å"pretty good with the cards or he wouldn’t have sat in the Casino in Monte Carlo for two months before the war watching that Roumanian team work their stuff with the invisible ink and the dark glasses† (Fleming 20). However, in contrast to character arches in Fleming and Le Carre’s works, character development in a number of m odern detective fiction works have become more complex. Present-day leads are allowed to be bitter and even controversial, though nonetheless likeable. Still, readers like the modern characters for the features of their conflicting personalities, which stands in sharp contrast to Le Carre’s and Fleming’s perfect characters. Adding negative features to the leading characters, modern writers flesh them out and, thus make the detective genre evolve towards a complex psychological drama. To its credit, The Spy Who Came in Late features a different idea of the war between the two states or, in a broader sense, the conflict between the seemingly â€Å"good† and the seemingly â€Å"evil.† A major breakthrough in the history of detective novels, the idea that the people on both sides of the conflict are actually people would be taken as the basis for the further development of the genre in the late XX and at the beginning of the XX century. Another popular clichà ƒ ©, a damsel in distress, is, thankfully, disappearing from the pages of modern detective stories, giving ways to female characters with personalities. With all due respect to the Bond series and Le Carre’s debut triumph, it is necessary to admit that their female characters were pretty bland even at the time. Bond’s girl remains only Bond’s girl; in fact, hardly anyone even remembers her actual name. Certainly, she does say a few lines now and then and even appears the member of the evil Soviet organization in the end, her main characteristic, however, is the fact that she is in love with Bond. The same, unfortunately, goes with Le Carre’s novel. Though these are not exactly damsels in distress anymore, they still are clearly dependable on their men, and their motivations are rather confused, as a sharp contrast to the cool-blooded speculations of Bond and Leamas. The fact that Vesper I The Spy Who Came in Late gets kidnapped does not add her character either; succumbing to the above-mentioned damsel-in-distress syndrome, she clearly represents a stereotypical female character of the time, which is rather offensive to the present-day feminists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Writers Who Came in Late: Modern British Murder Mysteries and the Timeless Classics of Fleming and Le Carre, Compared specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, the issue concerning a man versus the system is worth bringing up. As it has been mentioned above, Le Carre was the first to consider the idea that the world of espionage is not a one-man show and that in political games, the life of an individual is absolutely worthless. A rather gloomy idea, it might have not suited the format of the spy flicks of the 50s and 60s; however, it seems increasingly popular nowadays, and, perhaps, Le Carre is the one to thank for it. In a sense, Le Carre’s novel is even more existential tha t the endeavors of modern British detective novelists; in fact, in modern fiction, the conflict between an individual and the system is often ignored – perhaps, for the sake of keeping the focus on the tension between the leading character and his opponent. Although The Spy Who Came in Late and Casino Royale were written half a century ago, the game rules that they set still remain in their places, dictating younger writers what to write and the younger audience what to enjoy. Though the given phenomenon can be viewed as rather negative in that it does not allow the writers to go beyond the detective writing clichà ©s, it at least shows how great the above-mentioned works are and how much credit they deserve. Even though some of the ideas have quickly become overused, the rest of the plotlines allow much room for improvisation and imaginative twists of plot. Therefore, it can be considered that the modern British detective stories have finally started developing in a differe nt direction, yet they still take much from the old-time classics, mostly in terms of plot and characters, which hardly anyone can blame modern writers for. Works Cited Fleming, Ian. Casino Royale (James Bond). Las Vegas, NV: Thomas and Mercer, 2012. Print. Le Carre, John. The Spy Who Came in Late. London, UK: Penguin Books, 2012. Print. This essay on The Writers Who Came in Late: Modern British Murder Mysteries and the Timeless Classics of Fleming and Le Carre, Compared was written and submitted by user Hattie Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Harman Scorecard

Harman Scorecard Harman Scorecard Harman Scorecard According to the Securities and Exchange Commission a comprehensive annual report of a company detailing its public performance is prepared. This is known as Form 10-k annual report. The report clearly defines the history of the business, the products it offers, the organizational structure, equities, subsidiaries, audited financial statements, risk factors involved as well as the legal proceedings of the firm. This essay provides a detailed overview of Harman International industries. The company is a worldwide producer of high quality audio and electronic products. The internal strategic marketing plans adopted by the company provides a broad market under well know brand names. The company is also a leader in digitally integrated info entertainment systems in the automotive industry. The company is divided into various segments to help provision of satisfactory customer service. The segments are well structured ensuring that the professionalism of the company is not affected but the consumer segments are improved. Other segments include the compensation, corporate employees benefit and occupancy cost as well as the company brand identity campaign. The company results of operation depend on the sales of the audio products and electronic system. From here a 10-K report is generated and made public to the shareholders and the authorities. The report covers the sales made in major markets of the company which are situated in Germany and some states in the United States. Since the company has an operational cost of more than $10 million and above 500 shareholders, filing periodic reports is a requirement by the law. This must be done regardless of whether the company securities are traded privately or publicly. Harman International industries being a multinational company provides shareholders with the Form 10-K on demand. Â  The filed report includes the performance of the company across its different markets, future projections as well as a detailed account on how the company deals with market changes. The company’s aggressiveness in acquiring new markets is also shown.. The report also includes market information that is gathered from internal sources, market research as well as publicly available information in the public domain. The provision of a form 10-K based on an estimation is critically risk. This is because of the inherent nature of the uncertainty of the risks. Based on various different factors, the risks fluctuate without cont rol. The following illustrates the contents of Harman International industries 10-K report. The business section includes an outline of the company’s mission and vision, with well detailed information on what the company offers. After a definition of the company’s products, dealings and mission, a section that includes the segments and structure of the organization. The company also defines its strengths and why it is a world class portfolio. The technology it uses to provide quality and authentic software’s to the general public. The final phase in the report includes a projected growth in the company. This is especially useful to contain the current investors in the company while trying to lure new ones. Providing concrete information on ways to acquire production resources at a reduced cost is a key factor to consider in the provision of a Form 10-K. live CHAT

How to Create a Copyright Page in 5 Minutes (with Template)

How to Create a Copyright Page in 5 Minutes (with Template) The Self-Publisher's Guide to the Copyright Page (with Template) Imagine the day of your book release. Your book is selling fast online, your book reviews are glowing, and your scheduled book promotions are up and running. In fact, everything’s going swimmingly in your plan to conquer the world with your self-published book  until you wake up in a cold sweat - realizing that you forgot to include a copyright page.Is it the end of the world? Not quite. There’s no book police that’s going to punish you for not writing one up. But there are great reasons for making sure that you include one in every title you publish.That, and it’s super easy to create one: we give you everything that you need. In this post, you can pick between two templates:Do you prefer a basic copyright page? Jump to this template.Do you want an extended copyright page with more bells and whistles? Go this way.Then we give you a third option: if you want something that writes it  for you (and professionally typesets your whole book), you can use t he Reedsy Book Editor, our free formatting tool. The Editor automatically generates a copyright page and places it in the right place in the front matter of your book.If you’re not sure which option  is for you, that’s what the rest of this post is for! Together, we’ll de-mystify the topic entirely. But before we get to that, let's quickly clear something up: is one really mandatory?Do you need a copyright page?In a word? No. First Edition First Edition: January 2018 This paperback edition first published in 2018Publisher DetailsPublishers never waste a chance to promote themselves! You’ll find their details on the copyright page of a traditionally-published book, which will include the publisher’s:NameAddressWebsiteIf you’re self-publishing, you should know that the publisher is you (not KDP or IngramSpark, for example.) As for the address, if you don’t want to make it public, that’s perfectly fine. Simply provide the URL to your website and give readers another method of contacting you.If you’re using the Reedsy Book Editor: The RBE makes this easy (though currently you can’t use it to print disclaimers - that feature is coming soon). Head over to the â€Å"Book Settings† tab again and fill out the relevant fields so that the RBE can create an ‘extended’ page for you.Frequently Asked QuestionsWhere should the copyright page go in a book?In general, the copyright page goes in one of two places: the front or the back of the book.The most common approach is to put it on the verso (the reverse side) of the title page. If you’re uploading a PDF to KDP, that means that you should make sure that it comes right after the title page and just before the table of contents.Alternatively, you might decide to save the best for the end. If you go this route, it will be the final page of your book. Asked and answered: all you ever wanted to know about the copyright page in this post #selfpub How do you copyright a book?You might already own the copyright to your work the minute you create it, but registering that copyright is a different story altogether (and strongly recommended).To register your copyright, you’ll need to go to copyright.gov. For more details, read our guide that’s dedicated exclusively to guiding you through the copyright registration process.What else might you see on the copyright page?The information in our copyright page templates is specific to self-publishers. But if you’re morbidly curious about everything that goes onto the page in a traditionally published book, we can give you the nitty-gritty:Printer’s key: This is the mysterious string of numbers. But (sorry to disappoint) it’s not going to be the riddle of the Sphinx: the printing numbers simply point to the print run. The smallest number that you see indicates the printing. For example: if the smallest number is â€Å"3,† then that’s the th ird printing of that edition.CIP data: Otherwise known as Cataloguing-in-Publication data, this is the Library of Congress’ bibliographic record for a book. It’s not available to self-publishers - so it’s one thing that you don’t need to worry about.However you choose to write up this page is up to you. It all depends on what information you want to put out there for safe-keeping. That should be a breath of relief - there's no wrong way to go about it. That said, if you've got more questions about the subject, please give us a shout in the comments!Have additional questions about copyright? Leave us a comment. We'll answer straightaway.

Security consultant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security consultant - Essay Example Secondly, this assessment forms the basis upon which these risks, threats, and vulnerabilities are prioritized in accordance with criticality. Remediation of the identified risks and vulnerabilities can then be effectively budgeted. Also, it is from this risk assessment that compliancy with new IT security laws and regulations can be achieved to avoid legal issues. Essentially, a properly conducted risk assessment offers a basis through which the company may roll out a set of procedures aimed at protecting company’s assets, which for this case include hardware, software, and critical information. The scope describes what is covered and what is not covered in the assessment by identification of the needs to be protected, sensitivity of the information protected, and the extent of the protection. Defining the scope of network security assessment is important as it forms the basis of understanding the budget and level of security defined by the policies of the company. Understandably, the scope is a factor of criticality of information that a company has or seeks to protect from damage, manipulation, or malicious disclosure to the public. Areas covered include type of operating systems in used in the computers, access control permissions, port scanning, wireless leakage, firewall testing, intrusion detection testing, and service pack levels. A thorough assessment of these areas identifies the loopholes through which company’s critical information may be compromised. The aim is to proactively protect these areas from malicious attacks or access. OCTAVE (Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation) is a commonly used methodology for strategic assessment and planning of network security risks. The OCTAVE methodology is a technique used to analyze a company’s information security requirements. OCTAVE Allegro is the latest development and is widely used by the CERT Division. While older versions, which are

Relaxing & Energizing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Relaxing & Energizing - Case Study Example George has no idea why his energy level is so different from practices to races, but he sees this problem as a major obstacle to developing as a runner and performing to his potential. Cindy Frederickson, George’s coach thinks he needs to develop relaxation and energization skills needed to control his arousal during practice and competition. Based on your knowledge of both relaxation and energization, answer the following four questions that relate to developing and implementing these critical mental training tools. Explain the rationale for your answers thoroughly, citing important information from the book and lectures. Your rationale will count as much as your actual response. 1. What mental training tool should George use to lower his arousal level when he gets nervous? Relaxation is the ability to decrease unwanted muscular tension, reduce excessive activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and calm the mind by eliminating unwanted thoughts. a. How about raising his psych level when he’s unmotivated for practice? Energization is the ability to arouse the body by increasing muscular strength and power, stimulate the activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and invigorate the mind with energizing thoughts. 2. What is the difference between relaxation and energization? Relaxation is to help you lower your arousal. Energization is to help you increase arousal. Between Total Relaxation/ Energization and Rapid Relaxation? Total takes more time. How can George use each? When he is overly anxious he should use relaxation. When he is lethargic he should use

Illustrate the case for reading the poem as (in part) a study in becoming Roman Essay Example for Free

Illustrate the case for reading the poem as (in part) a study in becoming Roman Essay To both modern and ancient readers alike perhaps one theme of the Aeneid has generally been perceived most strongly, that of the poems glorification and aetiological justification of the values and society of the Imperial Rome in which its poet, Vergil, lived. In contrast to the Hesiodic concept of the decline of society from a bygone Golden Age, Vergil implicitly argues in the Aeneid for the constant evolution of society as having produced in Rome the very pinnacle of civilisation. However, this does not mean that his view is universally rose-tinted: Vergil, also, manages to portray the pathos of those who give their lives for this end (e.g. the self-sacrifices of Dido in book IV and Nisus and Euryalus in book IX [at whose plight Vergil says siquid mea carmina possunt, nulla dies umquam memori vos eximet aevo1]). Like Augustus, Vergil tends to relate the present to mos maiorum, so that innovation is given the guise of conservatism (as Rome was, after all, a generally conservative society). In this essay, I shall discuss the ways in which the poem expresses the development of such a Roman identity. From the outset the poem explains that Aeneas struggles (with which we are first met) are not in vain: his descendants are, famously, to obtain imperium sine fine, in the words of Jupiter (1.277). By book XII, that goal is within clear sight. The fact that the all-powerful father of the gods programmatically and teleologically tells of such future greatness so early in the poem gives the reader no option but to focus subsequently on how Aeneas achieves this fated goal. Vergil tends not to involve the gods as directly in the narrative of human affairs as does Homer, but uses them to great effect symbolically and to give such weighty pronouncements. Another programmatic feature of the first book involves its emphasis on kingship: to give just two examples, at line 265 we are told, by Jupiter, that Aeneas will reign over Latium and he is soon after described as king of the fugitive Trojans by Ilioneus (544). Dido is [termed] regina eleven times in book I.2 This may not be particularly surprising considering that kingship was the traditional form of government in epic poetry and the heroic world, but such emphasis could be said not only to foresee the supreme power of Augustus (though he did not, due to the negative connotations, style himself as rex or dictator) but also to legitimise it. Augustus may be seen as a benevolent dictator in the mould of Hellenistic kings. To become truly Roman it follows that Aeneas must, equally, become less Trojan, and we can see this process occurring in the poem. Due to the high esteem of Homers epics (and the relative paucity of other accounts), the Trojan world is, for both Vergil and ourselves, a predominantly Homeric one; accordingly, some critics have seen in the poem of a gradual rejection of Homeric values. For example, the Aeneas that we see in book II can be said to be rash, implusive, brave [and] seeking when all is lost the glorious death3: all perfectly Achillean attributes, which, one could argue, slowly recede as the poem progresses. In the second half of the poem (i.e. the Iliadic half), Turnus is a clear foil to Aeneas (n.b. his bellicose words to Pandarus at the end of book IX: You will soon be able to tell Priam that here too you found an Achilles!). The Roman way of life involves, arguably, a reliance on debate and compromise more than the manliness and aggression of Homeric heroes. However, this analysis cannot be treated too simplistically as there are points, even towards the poems dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nouement, where Aeneas is just as ruthless and cold as ever: for example, at many points during book X he rejects pleas for mercy and jeers at those who are on the point of death. Anchises prophetic statement in the underworld of book VI has, also, been seen by critics as important in showing both us and Aeneas how to become Roman, whilst also sanctioning the power of the Roman state: Your task, Roman, and do not forget it, will be to govern the peoples of the world in your empire. These will be your arts and to impose a settled pattern upon peace, to pardon the defeated and war down the proud. (6.851-3) It is important to note the context, for Aeneas is now starting to act very much like the good king, by acting in accordance with the gods when he leads his men to the Sibyl; whilst in the underworld, Aeneas sees a number of his descendants and successors, many of whom are rulers, and by doing so his right to rule is implicitly confirmed. The speech of Anchises, however, sets Rome within a firm tradition: it was well accepted by many Romans that Greek culture was superior in many respects. If we look at the lines above in which Anchises mentions the Greek arts of sculpture, oratory and astronomy, he can surely be said to define Rome against Greece by tacitly accepting their superiority in these realms, but he implies that the arts of Rome, the arts of peace and war, are what really matter. Though this may seem like an exceptionally aggressive mission, the extent to which clemency (a famous virtue of Augustus) and ultimate peace are emphasised must be noted. In the light of these ideals, Aeneas Achillean anger towards Turnus seems in this light disturbing.4 Perhaps the ideals are too idealistic to reflect reality truly. However, whether they were actually achieved or not, the ideals seem to have been held dearly in historical Rome, if we read what Claudian wrote (albeit with some degree of bias) four centuries after the time of Augustus: This is the only nation which has received conquered people in her embrace, and protected the human race under a common name like a mother not a tyrant, has called those whom she defeated her citizens, and has united the distant parts of the world in a bond of affection for her.5 One has to consider, however, that Roman bravado is often tempered in the poem. The many Trojan deaths throughout the poem are often glorified to emphasize the individual sacrifice for the communal goal. For example, Vergils apostrophe to Lausus: harsh deaths misfortune and your noble deeds I shall not indeed leave unsung, nor you, O unforgettable youth. 6 Such apostrophes seem to be based upon formulae deriving from Homeric invocations of the Muse, however, which might imply that the sentiment is not so personal as it seems.7 Dido, too, is seen as merely another obstacle which needs to be overcome for Rome to flourish (though she is repeatedly described, perhaps in Vergils own voice, as pitiable). Indeed, in one startling way she could be said to resemble a disgraced Homeric warrior: she falls on her own sword. Aeneas escape from her thus further represents his retreat from Homeric values. To look at one final such death, the final two lines of the poem focus on the death of Turnus: The limbs of Turnus were disolved in cold and his life left him with a groan, fleeing in anger down to the shades. (12.951-2) The coldness of Turnus body may recall in our minds the first storm scene in which we meet Aeneas at sea, and may reiterate the degree to which Aeneas has reversed his despair (turning it into the despair of his main adversary). These lines thus emphasize both the pathos of the death and the certainty of Aeneas victory. It recalls, and is based upon, Homer, i.e. the deaths of both Hector and Patroclus (Iliad 16.857 22.363).8 The sadness of his death is thereby emphasised, since he is equated with such heroes on either side of the Trojan war. His death was a natural end to the poem (though perhaps an unnatural end for him). It may now be useful to look closely at a part of the poem that is, undoubtedly, looking forward to Rome perhaps more explicitly than any other: the ecphrasis towards the end of book VIII (626-728) focusing on the shield of Aeneas wrought for him by Vulcan as a foresight of the coming Roman glory. However, the crucial intertext on which this scene was modelled is that of the ecphrasis on Achilles shield at Iliad 18.478ff, so Vergil is still using a Homeric model to emphasise Romes greatness; Greek epic has such gravitas as a genre that, if Rome is to be such a towering civilisation, Roman epic needs to look back to its Greek antecedent. Indeed, in Homer Achilles has a desperate need for new armour (with the loss of his own after the killing of Patroclus), whereas it seems that Vergil includes this scene merely to show before the full-scale fighting begins, what is to be achieved by it. 9 The final, and (both literally and symbolically) central, scene of the shield shows Augustus celebrations after the battle of Actium (31 BC) in which he gained imperium from M. Antonius. Indeed, the shield itself is reminiscent of the shield that was hung in the Curia to commemorate Augustus virtues in 27 BC; such virtues (i.e. virtus, clementia, iustitia and pietas) surely apply equally to the Roman imperator and Aeneas (especially pietas, since Aeneas pietas was proverbial and pius is a common epithet applied to him throughout the poem). The two men are poetically conflated, thereby giving heroic prestige to the emperor. Most pertinent, however, is that the scene shows numerous and various peoples of the earth (e.g. Nomads, Scythian Gelonians, Gaulish Morini etc.) offering Augustus gifts: the implication is clearly that virtually everyone throughout the world is universally thankful for the arrival of pax Romana. The message is not quite so clear-cut and confident, however, since the theme of war is also almost always present in this vignette. Quite obviously, the theme of war is apt both for the Shield as a martial instrument and for the circumstances of its delivery,10 however, it moreover emphasizes the extent to which Roman peace relies upon the willingness to fight, however counter-intuitive that might seem. Virgil is certainly patriotic, but he nevertheless neither shies from or tries to obscure the realities of the early-Imperial political situation. In conclusion, the Aeneid can clearly be seen as a study in becoming Roman. Aeneas divine mission is reiterated throughout the poem with increasing intensity, especially throughout religious symbolism and prophecy: Aeneas is well aware that he must become Roman. The poem appears to move towards Roman values as it progresses, values such as pietas and clementia, in the face of Homeric impulses and aggression. However, such an analysis needs to be tempered: most notably because of such incidents as Aeneas rage against and murder of Turnus when he sees him wearing Pallas sword belt. Moreover, the poem continuously looks forward to a Rome to come, especially the Augustan Rome of Vergils era. Some have seen the poem as a mere propaganda piece, but it is clear that Vergils implicit praise for the Augustan rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½gime is sophisticated and not blind to the woes of war and those who are killed to make way for the Roman superpower: to use the phrase of the Aeneid, sunt lacrimae rerum. Through imitation (and innovation), Vergil also looks back to Homer. Perhaps the best summary of the message of the Aeneid is given by the ancient commentator Servius: Virgils intention is to imitate Homer and to praise Augustus by means of his ancestors.11 Vergil may, ultimately, have succeeded in his aim, when we consider that the poem was considered a seminal text in Roman civilisation and acquaintance with the poem was a primary method of teaching ancient children not only Latin but also the Roman way of life. Bibliography Cairns, F. (1989). Virgils Augustan Epic. Cambridge. Hardie, P.R. (1986). Virgils Aeneid: Cosmos and Imperium. Oxford. Lyne, R.O.A.M. (1987). Further Voices in Vergils Aeneid. Oxford. Williams, R.D. (1985). The Aeneid of Virgil: A Commentary. London. Williams, R.D. (1990). The Purpose of the Aeneid in Oxford Readings in Vergils Aeneid (ed. S.J. Harrison), Oxford. 1 Aeneid 9.446-7. 2 Cairns (1989), 2. 3 Williams (1990), 28. 4 Lyne (1987), 112. 5 Cairns (1989), 205. (De Consolatu Stilichonis, 3.150-3.) 6 Aeneid 10.791-3. 7 Lyne (1987), 235. 8 Lyne (1987), 135-6. 9 Williams (1985), 90. 10 Hardie (1986), 347. 11 Williams (1990), 21.

Out of Africa Movie and Book Essay -- Movie Film comparison compare co

Out of Africa Movie and Book Winner of seven Academy Awards, including 1985's Best Picture, Out Of Africa is the story of Karen Blixen and her travels in Africa. Based on her writings after returning to Denmark, Out of Africa is a love story of both Karen Blixen and her true love, Denys Hatton, and a love for Africa's land and people. The movie is based on the books "Out of Africa: Shadows on the Grass", written by Karen Blixen under the pseudonym Isak Dinesen, and "Silence Will Speak", the story of Denys Hatton, written by Errol Trzebinski. The film follows the story in the books almost identically and is a fascinating account of the life of Karen Blixen and the barriers she had to overcome during her time in Africa. The movie focuses on the seventeen years Karen Blixen spent in Africa between 1913 and 1930. Her letters that are compiled to make up the book "Out of Africa" are extremely detailed and revealing about her time in Africa. As in real life, the movie starts with Blixen arriving in Kenya for the purposes of marrying her cousin Baron Bror Blixen. A friend before they met in Kenya to wed, this marriage was a marriage of convenience. The Baron held the title and Karen had the money they needed to take advantage of the wild south of Africa and be cattle ranchers. Like many Europeans of the time, they came to Africa to exploit the untouched natural resources and people. But, this was not the case because Baron Blixen decided before Karen showed up that they would instead grow coffee, a risky venture at such a high altitude and Karen's first barrier to overcome. With the adventure of growing coffee came the task of gaining a workforce. For this Karen... ... an account of her entire time in Kenya. The movie Out of Africa was a wonderfully told love story of a woman and a man, and a woman and a land. The African people and areas are romantically displayed in this film, a true joy to watch through and through. Karen Blixen's life is a remarkable tale of one woman's journey of self-discovery, through love and hate, confusion and comprehension, black and white. Works Cited Dinesen, Isak. Letters From Africa. Chicago: The UP of Chicago, 1980. Dinesen, Isak. Out Of Africa and Shadows on the Grass. New York: Vintage International, 1989. Dinesen, Isak. Tania. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967. Out Of Africa. Dir. Sydney Pollack. Perf. Meryl Streep and Robert Redford. Videocassette. MCA/Universal Home Video, 1985. Trzebinski, Errol. Silence Will Speak. Chicago: the UP of Chicago, 1977.

Comparison of Elizabeth Bennet’s Marriage Proposals in Pride and Prejudice Essay

Through the course of the novel, Elizabeth Bennet receives two very different marriage proposals, and a declaration of love. In chapter 19 Mr. Collins proposes to Elizabeth in his long-winded and pretentious manner, and in chapter 34 Mr. Darcy makes his own conflicting proposal of marriage. In chapter 58 Darcy asserts his love for Elizabeth despite her previous rejection of him. From the way each man makes his proposal we learn a great deal about their characters, and we see Elizabeth’s own character reflected in her reaction to each. Even by chapter 19, the reader has been drawn in to such an extent by these characters that we empathise with them greatly, especially Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy. The reader identifies particularly with Elizabeth, the protagonist. At the beginning of the novel, long before Collins’ proposal, we have grown to dislike him. When Collins proposes to Elizabeth, the reader knows that he will not be successful. We have a distaste for Collins after we are told he first wanted to marry Jane, but then turned to Elizabeth when he discovered Jane’s relationship with Bingley. We know he had no affection or attraction to either, so we hope that his efforts towards Elizabeth fail. Before proposing, he effectively asks for permission by informing Mrs. Bennet of his intentions. He planned it out and went about it in such an orderly manner that we imagine that he had rehearsed it. His three reasons for marrying are solely practical; â€Å"I think it a right thing for every clergyman in easy circumstances to set the example of matrimony in his parish.† â€Å"I am sure it will add greatly to my happiness.† â€Å"It is the particular recommendation of the very noble lady [Lady Catherine de Bourgh] whom I have the honour of calling patroness.† He is not interested in love. Despite Mr. Collins’ assurance of the â€Å"violence of my affection†, he has no true affection or love for Elizabeth, so shows himself to be insincere. His snobbery and arrogance are evident when he insults Elizabeth’s family and lack of wealth and uses his connections to the De Bourgh family as a reason to marry him. Elizabeth is amused by the ridiculousness of the situation, but keeps herself composed and clearly refuses the proposal. â€Å"It is impossible for me to do otherwise than decline them.† Collins is incredulous and tries to convince himself that she is teasing him. He is condescending and patronizing, and refuses to take her seriously. â€Å"You are uniformly charming.† He reveals his vanity in his presumption she will say yes. Elizabeth viewed marriage as something to be undertaken by two people who were in love. By refusing Collins, she was taking an enormous risk, as no one might ever propose to her again. In the early 1800s marriage was the only way for women in Elizabeth’s position to provide a secure future for themselves – Elizabeth’s future was in doubt as was her family’s estate, Longbourn was entailed. A woman’s only other options besides marriage were, as women were not permitted to work, to live with and be dependent upon relatives, e.g. brothers, cousins, married sisters etc. Perhaps if she were well educated she might have become a governess. Elizabeth’s refusal shows her to be a woman with integrity and great tact. She hides her feelings of â€Å"distress and diversion†, and is polite. When she refuses she is extremely polite, commenting that she is â€Å"well aware of the honour of your proposals.† She is dignified and does not react to Mr. Collins’ insults about her family’s wealth and status, or indeed his â€Å"willful self-deception† when it came to her answer. Shortly afterwards, Charlotte Lucas, Elizabeth’s friend, receives an offer of marriage from Collins and accepts. Charlotte’s view of marriage was more pragmatic – marriage was primarily about security – love was a secondary criterion. Charlotte certainly did not love Collins; it was the hope of financial security that attracted her into the marriage, if she were in love with Collins it would only be a luxury. These were the accepted beliefs at the time among the middle and upper classes. Charlotte would endure a loveless marriage for the hope of financial security. In chapter 34 Darcy makes his first proposal to Elizabeth at Hunsford, the worst possible time for him to do this, as Elizabeth could not have hated Darcy more at this time. She blamed him for the unhappiness of Jane as Darcy had discouraged Bingley’s affection towards her, and for that of Wickham, whom she believed had had his inheritance denied to him. Darcy appears greatly agitated when he made his proposal. He enters her room and walks about for a while before speaking, even then to make a few awkward enquiries after Elizabeth’s health. He was fervently in love with Elizabeth and speaks briefly and passionately. â€Å"In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings are not to be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you.† This outburst is in sharp contrast to Collin’s long pre-planned monologue, and shows true emotion instead of false sentiments of affection. But Darcy is also strikingly similar to Collins’ in his arrogant presumption that she will accept him, â€Å"he spoke of apprehension and anxiety, but his countenance expressed real security†. His utter bewilderment that she should refuse him â€Å"†¦no less resentment than surprise. His complexion became pale with anger, and the disturbance of his mind was visible in every feature.† This demonstrates the same sort of conceit that Collins displayed. Darcy then goes on to insult her Elizabeth’s family and circumstances. â€Å"Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections?† His insensitivity to Elizabeth is clear – he describes his feeling for Elizabeth as against his better judgement, â€Å"his sense of her inferiority – of it’s being a degradation – of the family obstacles which judgment had always opposed to inclination.† Again he shows himself to be proud, snobbish and superior, like Collins. Elizabeth is flattered initially by Darcy’s attention, â€Å"she could not be insensible to the compliment of such a man’s affection.† But Darcy’s attacks on her pride provoke her to anger, â€Å"Elizabeth felt herself growing more angry every moment.† This indignation finally climaxes with a severe blow to Darcy’s upper class sensibilities â€Å"†¦it spared me the concern in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentleman-like manner.† Darcy is shocked and hurt by this accusation. Despite his pride, this causes Darcy to reflect deeply on his behaviour and to modify it in future. The two of them leave each other, both of them angry and upset. Elizabeth is shocked by Darcy’s proposal but keeps her composure and remains dignified. She is brave and strong-willed in standing up to Darcy. She is not moved by his wealth or status and stays true to her principle of marrying for love. She does not accept the conventions of her time that it was acceptable to marry for money. She is completely honest and sincere with Darcy, and shows great integrity and independence. Elizabeth however is completely serious when dealing with Darcy, compared with her guarded politeness when with Collins, whom she found to be ridiculous. In chapter 58, during a visit by Darcy and Bingley to Longbourn, Elizabeth and Darcy proclaim their love for each other, and it is understood that they will be married. There is no formal proposal from Darcy; the idea of a future marriage is implicit. Elizabeth admits that her feelings have changed. She had been blinded by her initial poor first impressions of Darcy, and prejudices produced by her being taken in by Wickham’s deception. She admits that she was wrong, â€Å"She explained†¦how all her former prejudices had been removed.† She is embarrassed by the remarks she made to Darcy during his proposal, â€Å"do not repeat what I then said†¦I have been most heartily ashamed of it.† Darcy’s love was unmoved by Elizabeth’s rejection; he still wants to marry her. He admits the follies of his past behaviour – conceit, arrogance, snobbery. â€Å"I have been a selfish being all my life, in practice, though not in principle.† We know that Darcy had been transformed. Instead of shunning the Bennets because of Lydia’s social disgrace, he tracked down the couple and paid Wickham to marry her, thus rescuing the family from ostracism in society. Furthermore, he seeks amends with Jane by encouraging Bingley to marry her by admitting his misunderstanding of her affection for him, and his concealment of her visit to London. He is also gracious to the Gardiners when they visit Pemberley, even inviting Mr. Gardiner to accompany him fishing. Darcy explains how he made a conscious effort to change after Elizabeth’s accusation of â€Å"ungentleman-like behaviour†. This was an uncomfortable truth for Darcy, and the reproach spurred him to change his behaviour. â€Å"Those were your words†¦you can scarcely conceive how they have tortured me. Before I was reasonable enough to allow their justice.† Elizabeth tells us how she began to lose her prejudice after receiving a letter from Darcy explaining his actions in the affairs of Wickham and Jane. â€Å"Darcy mentioned his letter†¦She explained†¦how gradually all her former prejudices had been removed.† She is also pleasantly surprised by Darcy’s civility during her visit to Pemberley, and this too affects a change in her emotions. Each of them has helped the other become a better person; we feel the two are ‘right’ for each other. We feel confident that they will be contented together in married life and grow in mutual love and respect. After the correction of Elizabeth and Darcy’s faults, the two have earned each other. They deserve a happy married life based on mutual devotion and financial security, with which Austen rewards them. I feel that Elizabeth was right to reject Collins – his focus on the financial and practical side of marriage was the antithesis to Elizabeth’s ideal of love in married life. The marriage would not have been happy for either. I also feel that Elizabeth was right to reject Darcy’s proposal of marriage. At that time, neither had had the opportunity to change in response to each other’s criticisms, and as Elizabeth would have accepted his offer of marriage without truly being in love, we, the reader, would lose respect for her, as would Darcy, and it would appear her interest is fiscal rather than romantic. It would also be an unhappy marriage. I feel that Elizabeth was right to agree to marriage in the end. She had overcome her prejudice, and Darcy his pride, and we know that they are a good match for each other. We hope that they will have a secure and happy married life.

Comparisons Between Cystology, Histology, and Pathology.

Michelle Hatton-Cowan Professor Micah Parker BHSR-115-01 16 March 2013 Putting the Pieces Together While recently putting a puzzle together with my family I realized that we had a very certain way of putting it together. We had the person who laid out all the pieces and was constantly looking for the ones that went together. Another person would carefully put pieces together that the first person had laid out and make sure there were no discrepancies. The last person would oversee everyone else.They would make sure pieces were going where they should be, and everyone would report back to the main person who was overseeing everything. If one was to look at any career or field they have trained in or worked in they would see that there is a hierarchy to each position. It is one person helping the next person to figure out one main objective or goal. The Careers of a Cytologist, Histologist, and Pathologist work very closely together; so closely it’s almost like they are putting a puzzle together, in such a way one can’t just do all of the jobs but there must be someone in each area of the field to complete the main objective. Read Chapter 8 Microbial GeneticsCytologists are the people working on the puzzle that lay the pieces out for the person in charge to oversee and direct them at what they should be looking for. They are â€Å"biologists who specialize in the study of formation, structure, and function of cells† (â€Å"cytology†). I like that fact that they have independent work with very little supervision. There is room for rapid job growth. A reported â€Å"14% job growth through 2018† (Tolia). I do not like that cytologist’s have major exposure to specimens and chemical fumes that can be very hazardous.There may be a rapid job growth projected for cytologists but only â€Å"thirty-one accredited cytotechnologist programs are available in the United States† (Tolia). Cytologists can work in many different health care facilities. They have the option of working in â€Å"hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, physicians’ offices, outpatient care centers and home health care† (Tolia). To become a cytologist, one will need to complete a bachelor’s degree program and finish a one to two year program accredited by the Commission of Allied Health Education Programs in Cytotechnology. Most Employers prefer that the cytologist pass the ASCP’s ational Technologist in Cytoechnology certification exam. A cytologist must complete this program every three years to remain certified (Tolia). â€Å"Cytologists are either paid by the hour or through an annual salary. According to Salary. com, the median annual income for a cytologist is $62,401, with the least well compensated quarter of practitioners making less than $56,810 and the highest paid quarter making over $$67,386. According to Payscale, cytologists command an average salary of between $24. 47 and $31. 20 per hour, with standard time-and-a-half rates for overtime† (Wolfe).Cytologist’s play a large role in medical decisions and work closely with pathologists. â €Å"Cytologists can also gain industry recognition by submitting their written articles for publication and applying for front-cover exposure in the ASCT's publication† (Tolia). Cytologists must know how to read the doctor’s orders by using their knowledge of Medical terminology. Cytologists must use and communicate with their knowledge of Medical Terminology because all the work they do ultimately goes back to the doctor and goes along in response to the original order.When a cytologist is reporting they will also report to the histologist who â€Å"plays an important role in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of disease† (Torres). The next step in putting more pieces of the puzzle together is the histologist. The histologist â€Å"examines and analyzes cells and body fluids. They search for parasites, bacteria and other microorganisms† (Torres). I like that histologists â€Å"work in medical laboratories with pathologists and other laboratory expe rts† (Torres). Histology is a very important tool of medicine and biology.I like that they serve as a detective trying to figure out different diseases and cell structures. Histology would not be a job for me because I do not like the many hours spent on my feet observing tiny little particles though a microscope. I do not have the time, patience, or eye sight for this job. Histologists must have very good eyesight to be able to point out the discrepancies in cells, which good eyesight is something I don’t have. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the demand for histologists will grow about 14 percent between 2006 and 2016. The median hourly wage for histologists in the United States is $22. 68 per hour and their median annual salary is $47,174, according to the Mayo Clinic† (Gray). Histologists have the opportunity to work in many different career settings including; the hospital, diagnostic laboratories, and many different outpatient settings. â€Å"Fo r an entry-level position as a histologist, an applicant will need to have a bachelor's degree with a major in medical technology or one of the life sciences.Bachelor's degrees in this field will usually include courses in chemistry, microbiology, statistics and biological sciences, as well as specialized courses devoted to skills used in the clinical laboratory. However, it is possible to fill some positions while having a combination of on-the-job training and formal education. Generally, one will usually have at least an associate's degree. Many employers require applicants to have certification from recognized professional associations, such as the American Society for Clinical Pathology, the American Medical Technologist or the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel† (Torres).Histologists are important to our United States Health Care System because they are like the detectives of disease, and play an important role in the detection, diagnosis and treatmen t of disease. Histologists use their knowledge of Medical Terminology to read what orders the doctors have given to them. They are able to follow the guidance of the pathologist, who histologists work very closely with, to determine probable diseases and to diagnose a patient. The last person to put pieces of our puzzle together is the pathologist. A  pathologist  is a physician who examines tissues, checks the accuracy of lab tests, and interprets the results in order to facilitate the patient’s diagnosis and treatment† (â€Å"Pathologist†). They oversee the cytologist and the histologist. I love that pathologists work very closely with the doctor and the patient on a daily basis. Pathology has many different career opportunities including a clinical pathologist, anatomic pathologist and a forensic pathologist. I do not like the scrutiny that is placed on their job.If they mess up one little thing or read a smear of cells the wrong way and give the wrong dia gnose it could be fatal for the patient. â€Å"There are approximately  13,000 to 14,000 board certified pathologists in the United States who practice their specialty. Starting salaries  for newly-certified pathologists can range from about $126,000 to $150,000 per year† (â€Å"Pathologist†). Pathologists have the opportunity to work in the community, in universities, in government hospitals and clinics, independent laboratories, or in private offices, clinics, and other health care acilities (Pathologist). â€Å"In order to work as a pathologist, you must have a successful undergraduate career; score well on your Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) and secure a place at a medical school to earn your medical degree (Torres). Medical school is not easy to get into, but after the student secures a place in medical school and finishes with Doctor of Medicine, they must secure a position in a three to four year residency program (Torres). After the residency progra m the student will take a national licensing exam to become certified in their state.Pathologists are extremely important to our United States healthcare system. They are the problem solvers to today’s medical mysteries. Pathologists us their knowledge of medical terminology every day by interpreting laboratory tests that are done by a cytologist and histologist and then they relay that information back to the doctor or patient. The puzzle is now complete with the help of the pathologist. Every person plays an important part of putting the puzzle together. Cytologists help us to identify the different cells and tissues. Histologists help us identify different disease found within the cells and tissues.Lastly, pathologists help us confer all of our results and relay them to the doctor and the patient. All three careers must be able to properly use their knowledge of medical terminology in an effort to communicate efficiently to the doctor. All information communicated to the d octor is in an effort to help save a patient’s life. Works Cited â€Å"cytology. †Ã‚  The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 18 Mar. 2013  http://www. thefreedictionary. com/cytology â€Å"Cytologist. †Ã‚  MedFriendly. N. p.. Web. 18 Mar 2013. . Gray, Carolyn. â€Å"Salary. †Ã‚  Histologist Salary. N. p.. Web. 18 Mar 2013.

Free Essays on The Jungle By Upton Sinclair

The Jungle By Upton Sinclair "The Jungle" portrays the lower ranks of the industrial world as the scene of a naked struggle for survival. Where workers not only are forced to compete with each other but, if they falter, are hard pressed to keep starvation from their door and a roof over their heads. With unions weak and cheap labor plentiful, a social Darwinist state of "the survival of the fittest" exists. The real story revolves around the integration and eventual disintegration of Jurgis Rudkis and his family, Lithuanian immigrants who move to the Chicago stockyards in hopes of a better life. Unfortunately, their hopes quickly disintegrate; like thousands of other unskilled immigrants at the turn of the century, financial necessity forces them into virtual slave labor in order to survive. For Jurgis and his family, the slave master is the ruthless and greedy meat packing industry, whose leaders value their workers no more than the animals they slaughter. "The Jungle" shows the rel ationship between the animals that were being slaughtered and the workers who were slaughtering them, from very early in the novel. It compares the workers to the animals who are penned up and killed every day in the stockyards, which are moved along on conveyer belts by machinery that cares nothing for their individual desires. In the monotonous killing of each of the hogs, "They had done nothing to deserve it; and it was adding insult to injury, as the thing was done here, swinging them up in this cold blooded, impersonal way, without a pretense of apology without the homage of a tear."(Pg. 35) The key comparison is the condition of the workingmen; as cold, efficient machinery assimilates them, a blind fate swallows them up. A few of the men are even swallowed up literally when they would fall into huge vats and emerges as "Durham’s Pure Leaf Lard". (Pg. 99) "The Jungle" also shows precisely how wounded, diseased, and pregnant animals are turned into foo... Free Essays on The Jungle By Upton Sinclair Free Essays on The Jungle By Upton Sinclair The Jungle By Upton Sinclair "The Jungle" portrays the lower ranks of the industrial world as the scene of a naked struggle for survival. Where workers not only are forced to compete with each other but, if they falter, are hard pressed to keep starvation from their door and a roof over their heads. With unions weak and cheap labor plentiful, a social Darwinist state of "the survival of the fittest" exists. The real story revolves around the integration and eventual disintegration of Jurgis Rudkis and his family, Lithuanian immigrants who move to the Chicago stockyards in hopes of a better life. Unfortunately, their hopes quickly disintegrate; like thousands of other unskilled immigrants at the turn of the century, financial necessity forces them into virtual slave labor in order to survive. For Jurgis and his family, the slave master is the ruthless and greedy meat packing industry, whose leaders value their workers no more than the animals they slaughter. "The Jungle" shows the rel ationship between the animals that were being slaughtered and the workers who were slaughtering them, from very early in the novel. It compares the workers to the animals who are penned up and killed every day in the stockyards, which are moved along on conveyer belts by machinery that cares nothing for their individual desires. In the monotonous killing of each of the hogs, "They had done nothing to deserve it; and it was adding insult to injury, as the thing was done here, swinging them up in this cold blooded, impersonal way, without a pretense of apology without the homage of a tear."(Pg. 35) The key comparison is the condition of the workingmen; as cold, efficient machinery assimilates them, a blind fate swallows them up. A few of the men are even swallowed up literally when they would fall into huge vats and emerges as "Durham’s Pure Leaf Lard". (Pg. 99) "The Jungle" also shows precisely how wounded, diseased, and pregnant animals are turned into foo...

9 Signs You Are On The Right Career Path

9 Signs You Are On The Right Career Path Choosing the right career for you can be an incredibly difficult task. There are so many variables and curveballs that will be coming at you from every angle. It’s easy to lose sight of the path you thought you were on- and whether or not you still want to be on it! But whether you’re brand new to the workforce or have been there for years, here are a few ways to know when you’re on the right track in a rewarding career: 1. You wake up happy.Trust us, most people don’t wake up energized and jazzed up to go about their days. If you actually look forward to going into the office, congrats! You’ve done it!2. Your to-do list doesn’t make you cringe.You look at your list of daily tasks and are eager- even excited- to tackle most of them. You get right down to work when you get to work, rather than dragging your feet and putting it off as long as possible.3. The day flies.Before you know it it’s quitting time. Did you even eat lunch? You act ually enjoy the time you spend in the office. And you find yourself wishing you had just another hour to finish off a few loose ends.4. You’re appreciated.It’s clear that your coworkers and boss truly value the work you’re doing. You have their respect. You have their trust and thanks. And sure, hopefully soon, you’ll have that promotion.5. You won’t shut up.You get home or out to happy hour with pals and all you want to talk about is your work and how great it is, or what you’re currently working on. A lot of people can’t stop talking about work because they can’t stop complaining about it. If you’re doing the opposite, you’re probably in the right place.6. You see the future.And it’s huge! You can see a clear and challenging career path for yourself at this company. Maybe not â€Å"all the way to the top,† but certainly to a satisfying end point that you would consider a milestone. If you start ass ociating yourself with your job as part of your identity, and you see the company’s future success as integral to yours, then you’re right where you should be. One with the company!7. You’re positive and helpful.Your coworkers like you because you’re upbeat, positive, and generous with your help. They turn to you first when questions or problems arise. You’re looked to for leadership positions on projects and teams. You routinely go the extra mile- and you like doing it. The added effort only energizes you more. You are desperate to keep proving yourself and not lose your position or esteem.8. You don’t get sad on Sundays.You know those old Sunday afternoon blues? The feeling of dread when you realize you have to go to work tomorrow? If you’re not getting those pangs on a weekly basis, then that’s a pretty good sign.9. You sing your company’s praises.If your company comes up- either for its products or services or as a p lace to work, you can’t shut up about it. You’re constantly encouraging friends or contacts to come work with you. You’re pimping out your company at every turn. If this is you, well, you should probably stay right where you are. In your dream job!

Norms are Informal Rules in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Norms are Informal Rules in Society - Essay Example The first example is where an individual of high status quo decides to use his bicycle to travel to work despite having a vehicle and the availability of public means of transport, the individual will have behaved against the norms of the society as depicted by the roles and code of behavior associated with his rank and status in the society. The sanctions that the society will impose on such an individual will include the decline in respect and status attached to the individual by his work mates and society. His workmates who have lower prestige jobs in the work place may doubt the individuals capability to be in such a position and this might lead to the loss of the job by the individual because the individual does not act according to the roles attached to him and also he does behave according to the societies norms to maintain his status and prestige according to the role he or she plays in the society. The other example is when an individual may decide to wear two different types or make of shoes, one make on the left foot and the other on the right, those who notice may decide that this is a mere joke but the society may decide to sanction you because of breaking the social norms associated with wearing shoes by trying to embarrass yo

Listening power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Listening power - Essay Example The technique to manage your boss to agree with you is through finding weak spots in him. If you listen carefully, your boss might give you ways into his weaker side through what he says and you could use them to your advantage. For example, if your boss tells you something like â€Å"I am just 2 years away from a great retirement plan. I don’t want to deal with stupid people like you†, then you must focus more on his retirement and less on you being referred to as a stupid person. Let us now move on and outline the basic steps you must take to get your boss to agree with you. First comes the listening part. You must listen carefully and find out what exactly it is that your boss wants. Every boss is different. Some bosses want to feel the power in their hands, some want security, and some are only concerned with the money. Therefore, you must listen and analyze your boss and find out what his basic requirements are. After that, you must deal with him accordingly based on what he wants. For instance, if he’s looking for power, ask him to give you a chance to do things your own way, and that if you failed, you would be ready to do whatever he wants. Similarly, if your boss appears to be insecure, you could try talking to him like a colleague rather than a subordinate and ask him about his family and interests. This would cause him to be more open to you and would develop a bond of trust and understanding between the two of you. It is important to note that arguing does not lead to any good. Whatever insight to your boss you get from listening and communicating with him, you must ensure that your tone is not that of an argument when you try to convince him. Instead, you should devise a well thought out plan of action for your discussion with him and ask him questions to get to the root of his requirements. Even after all the listening and planning, however, you might not be able to reach a

Experiences of Being Human Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experiences of Being Human - Essay Example   The poem is written with a mixed emotion of appreciation of friendship (between man and environment) as well as the nostalgia of needing to have an emotional connection. Mora on her work in Legal Alien that appeared in her poetry collection that was published in 1984 entitled Chants spoke how horrible it felt once this human connection is lost by just being different in a society that is oblivious of diversity. Mora is of Mexican descent and holds American citizenship by law yet not entirely part of the society she is in because of her two worlds, being a Mexican as well as an American. This poem exudes raw emotion as it was articulated from the first-person point of view on how Mora felt the emotional alienation when that emotional connection of which Whitman talked about is lost by just being an immigrant. This became obvious in the last few lines of her poem stating; â€Å"Sliding back and forth/between the fringes of both worlds/ by smiling  / by masking the discomfort   / of being pre-judged  /Bi-laterally†. pain was best described by using the characterization of the protagonists of the Vietnam War such as the â€Å"white vet's image /floats closer to me, then his pale eyes look through mine† and a woman â€Å"trying to erase names: [but] No, she's brushing a boy's hair† making it poignantly painful to recall. The Martian Sends a Postcard Home, on the other hand, combined the familiar and the bizarre as the familiar was seen from an alien’s point of view. Here, Craig Raine highlighted the eccentricity of human experience by the characterization of a martian of which it narrates the similarity and difference between an alien and human being and in a way a commentary or critique of how human beings treat human experience. The Model T has used a symbol (the early version of cars made by Ford) that it differs because it is locked from the inside and that there is â€Å"a film to watch for anything missed†. This pass age may have been written casually but this line is actually loaded with meaning. It is the human experience gone by as it is looked on the film (which is really the rear mirror)† and we are mindless of it because â€Å"time is tied to the wrist or kept in a box† which made us all regretful and as he Raine tells â€Å"No one is exempt and everyone's pain has a different smell†. Perhaps one of the best media of how human beings expressed their deeply seated emotion is through poems. The authors Whitman, Mora, Komunyakaa, and Raine may have represented the varying human emotion that ranged from the â€Å"joyous leaves†, alienation, pain in recalling and indifference or regret and may have used different symbolisms such as the trees, Vietnam Memorial, Model T car or a legal status but all of them converged in their intent to articulate and explore human emotions.  

Using Recrystallisation Improve The Purity Of Aspirin Biology Essay

Using Recrystallisation Improve The Purity Of Aspirin Biology Essay In this experiment I have investigated the research question How does the process of recrystallisation improve the purity of Aspirin. I used a well documented method of preparing Aspirin. Having obtained the Aspirin I performed several recrystallisation processes on it. I then determined accurately the quantity of Aspirin in each of my sample by volumetric analysis. I was then able to determine purity and percentage yield by comparing it to an original tablet Aspirin in the market. I also used melting point to assess purity. I learnt about Aspirin when we did the chapter medicine and drugs in our class. Aspirin is a very common drug used in our daily lives. The common chemical name is  acetylsalicylic acid. Salicylic acid was identified and isolated from the bark of a willow tree but it could not be synthesised in laboratory. In 1893, Felix Hoffman Jr., a chemist found out a practical way for synthesizing an ester derivative of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid, a weaker acid than salicylic acid, was found to have the medicinal properties of salicylic acid without having the objectionable taste or producing the stomach problems as a side effect. The acetyl group effectively masks the acidity of the drug during its ingestion and after it passes into the small intestine, it is converted back to salicylic acid where it can enter the bloodstream and do its pain relieving action  [1]  . Acetylsalicylic acid is powerful as a pain reliever, fever reducer, and swelling-reducing dru g but it also has faults, it causes stomach irritation to some individuals and also may lead to Reye syndrome in young children. I was excited to see if this drug we use has the same purity when prepared in lab and when bought from outside. Aspirin is an important analgesic therefore methods of improving purity are essential. The preparation of Aspirin involves organic synthesis and I learnt about this process when I studied organic chemistry and it an interesting topic to research about. The preparation of drugs that I use in my daily lives excited me particularly as I want to do biochemistry in university and also work in a pharmaceutical company for drug designing. Hence, I decided upon making aspirin in the lab and researching about it. BACKGROUNG INFORMATION 2.1 Synthesis of Aspirin The above is the reaction for the formation of Aspirin. This organic synthesis is an esterification reaction between a compound containing a OH group (ester) and an acid. Esters are a type of organic acid in which the hydroxide groups are replaced. The H from the OH group is replaced by a carboxyl carbon C=O group.  Esterification is the  acid catalyzed reaction of a carboxyl (-COOH) group and an -OH group of an alcohol or phenol  to form a carboxylate ester. A catalyst is required for the reaction for example concentrated H2SO4.In the synthesis of Aspirin the -OH group is the phenolic -OH  group attached to ring of the salicylic acid  [2]  . 2.2 Purification of Aspirin using the process of recrystallisation I used the process of recrystallisation to investigate how effective this process is in making Aspirin pure. The process of recrystallisation takes advantage of the relative solubilities of contaminants compared to that of Aspirin  [3]  . The technique is to use a solvent in which the solid is sparingly soluble at low temperature and quite soluble at higher temperature (at the boiling point of the solvent). In my research Aspirin is insoluble in cold water and hence in the process of recrystallisation I first dissolved Aspirin crystals into hot water and then let it cool down so that it would crystallize out. The solid is dissolved in the minimum quantity of solvent required to produce a solution at the boiling point of the solvent. Upon cooling the solution to room temperature or below, the solid crystallizes out of solution due to its lower solubility at the lower temperature  [4]  . Impurities (i.e., any foreign substance) in a solid are classified as soluble or insoluble. The removal of insoluble impurities is accomplished by filtering the hot solution. The insoluble impurities remain on the filter paper. Ideally, soluble impurities remain in solution when the solid being purified crystallizes. (Depending upon concentration and solubility of the impurity in the selected solvent it may sometimes be necessary to recrystallise more than one time. That is some of the soluble impurity might also crystallize. If any soluble impurity crystallizes, the melting point of your product will be depressed). When recrystallisation is complete the purified solid is isolated by filtration and the crystals are washed with a small quantity of cold solvent (to rinse off the solution of soluble impurities coating the freshly filtered solid)  [5]  . 2.3 Determination of purity using melting point apparatus I also used melting point determination to give further evidence towards the purity of aspirin. Melting point is a useful measure for the purity of a solid. Melting point apparatus is commonly used for this purpose. It consists of a heated metal block with holes for a thermometer and melting point tubes. The capillary tubes are provided open-ended and the crystalline solid can be transferred into the tube and forced to the bottom with gentle tapping. The compound is heated slowly especially around its melting point for accuracy. There are attractive forces (intermolecular interactions) between the molecules in a solid that keep them together in an ordered crystalline structure. If enough heat energy is added to the solid the internal kinetic energy of the molecules causes them to move in the solid. At the temperature where the energy of molecular motion overcomes the attractive forces between molecules the compound begins to melt. When a solid is pure the molecules are all identical and thus the interactions between molecules are similar and thus the sample will melt at a distinct temperature. Impure compounds, on the other hand, have a range of intermolecular interactions between molecules and will melt over a range of temperatures.  [6]   3. APPARATUS  [7]  :- 3.1 Equipments: The apparatus listed below does not list quantities for repeat readings. Conical flask (100 cm3) (ÃÆ'-1) Measuring cylinders (10 cm3) ( ±0.5cm3) (ÃÆ'-2) Beaker (100 cm3) (ÃÆ'-2) Glass rod (ÃÆ'-1) Vacuum filtration flask (ÃÆ'-1) Rubber tubing for vacuum flask (ÃÆ'-1) Hirsch funnel (ÃÆ'-1) Water bath containing crushed ice (ÃÆ'-1) Source of hot water (ÃÆ'-1) Test-tubes (ÃÆ'-4) Meltemp apparatus for finding the melting point of Aspirin Burette (50cm3) (ÃÆ'-1) Clamp stand (ÃÆ'-1) Spatula (ÃÆ'-2) Watch glass (ÃÆ'-1) Melting point capillary tube (ÃÆ'-1) Filter paper to fit Hirsch funnel (ÃÆ'-1) 3.2 Chemicals: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (2g) Ethanoic anhydride (4cm3) Concentrated sulphuric acid (5 drops) Ethanoic acid (glacial) (4cm3) (1)Aspirin tablet Phenolphthalein solution Sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol dm-3) 95% alcohol 4. DIAGRAM: 4.1 Hirsch Funnel: 4.2 Melting Point Apparatus: 5. METHOD  [8]  :- Shake 2g of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (CARE Irritant) with 4 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride (CARE Corrosive) in a 100 cm3 conical flask. Add 5 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid (CARE Corrosive) and continue agitating the flask for about 10 minutes. Crystals of Aspirin will appear and soon the whole will form a crystalline mush. Dilute by stirring in 4cm3 of cold glacial ethanoic acid (CARE Corrosive) and cool by placing in a water bath containing crushed ice. Filter off the crystals using a Hirsch funnel (a small funnel for vacuum filtration), washing once with ice cold water to remove residual acid. Place the crude Aspirin in a 100cm3 beaker. Add hot, but not boiling, water until it dissolves. A mass of very pure Aspirin crystals will form; cool the flask by surrounding it with cold water. Filter them again and rinse the crystals with the chilled water. The insoluble impurities remain on the filter paper and the filtrate contains the product. Aspirin can be recovered from this solution by evaporation of the recrystallisation.  [9]   Leave the crystals overnight on a watch glass to dry completely. This process is known as recrystallisation and is a way of purifying a solid product (Aspirin). Do the recrystallisation process three times and after every recrystallisation remove some sample of Aspirin and store in a test tube to test later. Now do titration of the samples stored after each recrystallisation. Take some of Aspirin for each sample and leave some in the test tube for testing the melting point. For the process of titration, take the Aspirin from each sample into a 50 cm3 conical flask and dissolve it in 5 cm3 of 95% alcohol and add two drops of phenolphthalein solution to it. Titrate the solution in the conical flask with 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide from a burette (CARE Eye protection must be worn). Record the volume needed to produce the first tinge of pale pink colour in the indicator. This measure the end-point of the titration. Take a capillary tube and gently press the open end into the pile of Aspirin crystals on the paper so that a  few  crystals of Aspirin  enter the capillary tube. Tap the closed end of the capillary onto the bench top, so that the Aspirin  crystals work their way to the bottom.   The Aspirin crystals should be firmly packed, and fill the capillary tube to a depth of  no more than  1-2 mm.   Insert the capillary tube containing the sample into the melting point apparatus.   Record the temperature where the melting point is first observed and when it becomes a liquid completely.   This is your melting point range.  [10]   Then do the titration of an original tablet of Aspirin available in the market. Then test the melting point of the original tablet of Aspirin by the method described above. Compare the melting point which you get from the samples and the original tablet of Aspirin with the one given in the data booklet. 6. OBSERVATIONS:- When I mixed salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride, the solution turned milky. When to the solution I added concentrated sulphuric acid, the solution turns colourless and then after agitating for 10 minutes the solution again turns milky white. The beaker is hot and hence we can say that the reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and the solution (ethanoic anhydride + salicylic acid) is exothermic. When I was doing my melting point I saw that the solid obtained after the first recrystallisation actually turned black before actually getting close to the melting point of the original Aspirin. As the number of recrystallisation increased I could see that the melted Aspirin was still white and was getting closer to the melting point of the original Aspirin (135 °C) as mentioned in the data book. 7. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING:- 7.1 The data of titrations of different recrystallisation samples of Aspirin:- 7.1.1 Original Aspirin tablet Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 44.5 44.0 44.0 44.3 Initial ( ±0.1) 69.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) 25.0 25.0 I have not used as they are not concordant. I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 25.0 + 25.0 = 50.0 50.0 à · 2 = 25.0 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 25.0 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 25.0 cm3 = 25.0 à · 1000 = 0.025 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.025 = 0.0025 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.0025mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.62 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.0025 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.0025 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.45 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0.45 à · 0.62) ÃÆ'- 100 = 73% 7.1.2 Aspirin after 1st recrystallisation Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 Initial ( ±0.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) 3.6 3.7 3.8 I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 3.6 + 3.7 + 3.8 = 11.1 11.1 à · 3 = 3.7 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 3.7 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 3.7 cm3 = 3.7 à · 1000 = 0.0037 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.0037 = 0.00037 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00037mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.30 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.00037 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.00037 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.066 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 066 à · 0.30) ÃÆ'- 100 = 22% 7.1.3 Aspirin after 2nd recrystallisation Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 12.6 12.1 12.1 12.3 Initial ( ±0.1) 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) 2.9 2.9 I have not used as they are not concordant. I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 2.9 + 2.9 = 5.8 5.8 à · 2 = 2.9 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 2.9 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 2.9 cm3 = 2.9 à · 1000 = 0.0029 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.0029 = 0.00029 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00029mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.15 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.00029 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.00029 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.052 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 052 à · 0.15) ÃÆ'- 100 = 35% 7.1.4 Aspirin after 3rd recrystallisation Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 17.2 17.6 17.9 17.9 Initial ( ±0.1) 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.1 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) I have not used as they are not concordant. 4.8 4.8 I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 4.8 + 4.8 = 9.6 9.6 à · 2 = 4.8 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 4.8 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 4.8 cm3 = 4.8 à · 1000 = 0.0048 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.0048 = 0.00048 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00048mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.15 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.00048 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.00048 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.086 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 086 à · 0.15) ÃÆ'- 100 = 57% 7.1.5 Aspirin after 4th recrystallisation Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 21.3 20.9 21.0 21.1 Initial ( ±0.1) 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) 4.0 4.1 4.2 I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 4.0 + 4.1 + 4.2 = 12.3 12.3 à · 3 = 4.1 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 4.1 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 4.1 cm3 = 4.1 à · 1000 = 0.0041 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.0041 = 0.00041 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00041mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.10 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.00041 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.00041 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.074 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 074 à · 0.10) ÃÆ'- 100 = 74% 7.2 The data of melting points of different recrystallisation samples of Aspirin:- 7.2.1 Melting point after first recrystallisation Number of recrystallisation Temperature ( °C) ( ± 0.1 °C) Original melting point of Aspirin ( °C) Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Average 1 155.0 152.5 151.9 151.7 152.0 135.0 2 154.1 150.0 148.5 148.2 148.9 135.0 3 115.2 120.9 122.8 122.9 122.2 135.0 4 124.7 125.4 126.1 126.9 126.1 135.0 Original tablet 128.0 128.8 129.2 129.9 129.3 135.0 7.2.2 Graph showing the difference between melting points of Aspirin which was prepared and recrystallised in lab and melting of Aspirin from the data book Y-axis = temperature (in à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C) X-axis = number of recrystallisations of aspirin samples prepared in lab and aspirin available in market 8. INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA I will now explain the results of melting point and titration. From the results of titrations we can see a trend flowing and how after each recrystallisation the sample gets purer. As the quantity of Aspirin decreased after each recrystallisation, the mass of Aspirin in that quantity was more compared to the previous recrystallisation. When compared to the original tablet which we get in the market, I could speculate that the producer has done almost four recrystallisations to get that purity of Aspirin. More pure Aspirin can be obtained if more recrystallisations are done. We could say that the difference in melting point might be higher because it might contain impurities like unreacted salicylic acid or other by-products of the reaction or decomposition products. We can see that the difference in the melting point is getting less as the number of recrystallisation increase and closer to the melting point of Aspirin published in the data booklet. Further evidence to my theory that the number of recrystallisations increases the purity is my melting point data. From my graph it can be seen clearly that as the number of recrystallisations increase the closer to the melting point of pure aspirin we get in the market. My data shows that the percentage purity of aspirin increased with each recrystallisation process. For example, after the first recrystallisation the percentage purity was only 22%, however when fourth recrystallisation was done the percentage purity was 74% showing a significant increase. This can be seen in the following graph:- 9. CONCLUSION In answer to my research question, How does the process of recrystallisation improve the purity of Aspirin? I have found significantly that the percentage purity increases with each recrystallisation and this is evident in my graph under the heading Interpretation of the data. Recrystallisation is an important technique in organic Chemistry. The general method is to find a solvent that dissolves the product more readily at high temperature than at low temperature, make a hot solution, and allow to crystallise on cooling. The crude product might contain; impurities which are insoluble in the solvent; impurities which are slightly soluble in the solvent; and impurities which dissolve readily in the solvent. The solvent itself has also to be removed or it behaves as an impurity in its own right. It must not leave behind any residue. One simple way to tell whether an organic compound is pure is to measure its melting (or boiling) point. A pure compound melts sharply: if impurities are present it melts slowly (over a range of temperature).  [11]   The process of recrystallisation in my experiment increased the purity of Aspirin but with a decrease in the quantity produced. The solid will readily dissolve in a larger quantity of solvent; the larger the volume of solvent the greater the loss of product  [12]  . This is the reason why after every recrystallisation I lose Aspirin. The process of recrystallisation removes the impurities present and this can be concluded from the fact that the difference between the melting point of the sample and the melting point of Aspirin from data booklet decreases with each recrystallisation. I could conclude that a pharmaceutical company should always have a balance between producing a very pure product, which means many recrystallisation processes and producing enough quantity of the product to make it a profitable industry. 10. EVALUATION 10.1 Random error The apparatus I used had uncertainties like the measuring flask has an uncertainty of  ±0.5cm3, the burette had an uncertainty of  ±0.1cm3 and the melting point apparatus also had an uncertainty of  ± 0.1 °C. This results in errors in my results. The equipment error could be reduced by using equipments with less error. For example, I could use a burette with an error of  ±0.05 cm3 instead of a burette with error of  ±0.1 cm3. 10.2 Systematic error In the process of titration there could a parallax error caused if the reading from the burette is not read at eye-level. So, when taking the reading from the burette, the level of the eye should be same as the level of the meniscus. When we are titrating different samples of recrystallisations the colour of the indicator changes from pale pink to dark and it is difficult to know the end-point of the titration process. 10.3 Modifications in the method of preparation of Aspirin and its recrystallisation I modified the method to improve it in the following ways: After each recrystallisation there was loss of Aspirin and the decrease in the mass of Aspirin limited the number of recrystallisations needed to get the most pure form of Aspirin. So, if I doubled the mass of reactants I can get doubled the mass of Aspirin produced and an increase in the number of recrystallisations. When I mixed salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride solution in concentrated sulphuric acid it is hard to get the formation of a crystalline mush of Aspirin by agitating the flask. Hence, instead I used a magnetic stirrer which gives a uniform stirring and all the chemicals are mixed properly. I found this to be more effective at producing the mush. During the process of recrystallisation a lot of Aspirin is lost. When I used the filter paper, I cut it the same size as the Hirsh funnel. Instead I could have used a bigger filter paper in the funnel so that the impurities do not leak out of the edges of the filter paper and I could get a purer sample of Aspirin. When the Aspirin is left overnight to dry in an evaporating dish, there could be many contaminants which would get mixed in the Aspirin and if this is not taken into consideration in pharmaceutical industries then this could lead to serious health problems. Hence, the Aspiring should be covered when left overnight to dry. I could use different methods of purification of Aspirin like thin layer chromatography which is a sensitive and quick way of detecting impurities in an organic product (Aspirin). I could also use spectroscopy which provides a very good method for analyzing an organic compound. By comparing the infra-red spectrum for Aspirin with the spectrum of compound in a database I can check on its purity. 11. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS Unfortunately, not all my questions could be answered in this experiment. It would have been interesting in further researching and comparing more brands of Aspirin available in the market, if the producers just recrystallised the sample of Aspirin twice so that they do not lose a lot of their product in the process of recrystallisation or the producers actually tried to produce a pure sample of Aspirin ignoring the decrease in yield after each recrystallisation and considering the fact that this can affect the health of humans. When an organic compound has been made it needs to be purified, particularly if it is a  pharmaceutical chemical. This is because most organic reactions produce by-products but, even if the reaction is a clean one, the purity standards for many products are so stringent that small amounts of other compounds have to be removed. In particular the catalyst used in this reaction is concentrated sulphuric acid and must all be removed.